2.1曝氣生(sheng)物(wu)濾池技術分析
曝(pu)氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是一種經過改(gai)良的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)一代上向流曝(pu)氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。它既(ji)可以用(yong)于(yu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)二級處(chu)理,也可以用(yong)于(yu)處(chu)理出(chu)水(shui)(shui)需(xu)要(yao)回用(yong)等其(qi)(qi)它要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)深(shen)度(du)處(chu)理,并且能(neng)夠達到很高的(de)(de)排放水(shui)(shui)質標準(zhun)。由(you)于(yu)曝(pu)氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)工(gong)(gong)藝將濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應器結合(he)起來,因此不(bu)再需(xu)要(yao)沉淀池(chi)(chi)(chi);占(zhan)地面積小,是常規工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)1/4~1/5,節省(sheng)(sheng)大(da)量(liang)征地和(he)地基處(chu)理費(fei)用(yong);池(chi)(chi)(chi)容小,土建工(gong)(gong)程量(liang)比其(qi)(qi)它工(gong)(gong)藝少20%~40%;全部(bu)模塊化(hua)(hua)結構,改(gai)擴建容易(yi),工(gong)(gong)期(qi)短;上部(bu)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)為清水(shui)(shui),濾(lv)頭(tou)(tou)不(bu)易(yi)堵塞(sai),檢修和(he)更換容易(yi)。無(wu)需(xu)放空濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中濾(lv)料(liao);可對廠區進(jin)行(xing)(xing)全封閉,無(wu)臭味污(wu)(wu)染,視覺和(he)景觀效(xiao)果(guo)好;不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)單獨的(de)(de)反(fan)沖(chong)冼水(shui)(shui)和(he)反(fan)沖(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)泵,降(jiang)低了設(she)備投資(zi)(zi)和(he)運行(xing)(xing)費(fei)用(yong);穿孔管(guan)曝(pu)氣(qi),節省(sheng)(sheng)設(she)備投資(zi)(zi)和(he)維(wei)護費(fei),效(xiao)率高。而膜式曝(pu)氣(qi)頭(tou)(tou)通常在(zai)運行(xing)(xing)兩年(nian)后開始喪失其(qi)(qi)效(xiao)率;自動化(hua)(hua)程度(du)高,操作(zuo)人員少;低溫(wen)運行(xing)(xing)穩(wen)定(ding),受溫(wen)度(du)影響很小;由(you)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)有連續的(de)(de)物(wu)理過濾(lv)能(neng)力,一旦生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)反(fan)應發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)問題(ti),濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)仍可去除絕大(da)部(bu)分的(de)(de)懸浮物(wu);而且僅需(xu)要(yao)幾天(tian)即可恢復生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)理能(neng)力,而活性污(wu)(wu)泥法需(xu)要(yao)幾個星期(qi)才能(neng)恢復;由(you)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)有的(de)(de)眾多(duo)有點(dian),我國已(yi)經在(zai)2002年(nian)在(zai)廣東南海新(xin)(xin)(xin)建了一座設(she)計流量(liang)為50000m3/d的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型曝(pu)氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)濾(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理廠,從近6年(nian)的(de)(de)處(chu)理運行(xing)(xing)情況來看,運行(xing)(xing)穩(wen)定(ding),處(chu)理效(xiao)果(guo)好,是投資(zi)(zi)較少的(de)(de)一種新(xin)(xin)(xin)技術應用(yong)典型。
2.2天然有(you)機化學污水處理技術的分析(xi)
天然有機化學(xue)(xue)(xue)在污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)方面的優勢已(yi)經被人們(men)認可,也使(shi)得其(qi)在污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)中的發(fa)展前景越來越好。化學(xue)(xue)(xue)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)與(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物法(fa)(fa)共同作(zuo)用污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)已(yi)經成為了天然有機化學(xue)(xue)(xue)污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)發(fa)展的新方向。該(gai)工藝能有效(xiao)去除(chu)水(shui)中的顆粒物、磷(lin)和氮,使(shi)出水(shui)水(shui)質達到一(yi)定的水(shui)平(ping)。有些(xie)國家把化學(xue)(xue)(xue)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)加(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)為主要的處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)方法(fa)(fa)對城市生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活污水(shui)進行處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li),如挪(nuo)威、瑞典、丹麥,其(qi)70%的污水(shui)都用混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)+生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。其(qi)他一(yi)些(xie)國家如美國和香港(gang)用一(yi)種叫做化學(xue)(xue)(xue)強化一(yi)級(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa),該(gai)法(fa)(fa)比化學(xue)(xue)(xue)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)需要的混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)劑量更少,但(dan)足以去除(chu)大部分磷(lin)同時大大加(jia)快沉降速度。
世界上zui常用(yong)的(de)(de)混(hun)凝(ning)劑(ji)為鋁鹽和鐵(tie)鹽,也有一定數量的(de)(de)有機聚合物(wu)作混(hun)凝(ning)劑(ji)或助凝(ning)劑(ji)。水和污水中(zhong)的(de)(de)污染物(wu)去(qu)除是通(tong)過已知的(de)(de)機械(xie)原(yuan)理即破(po)壞膠(jiao)體的(de)(de)穩定性而混(hun)凝(ning),或者是化學藥劑(ji)與固體水解產物(wu)共同(tong)沉降來完成。混(hun)凝(ning)法的(de)(de)效率是受混(hun)凝(ning)劑(ji)的(de)(de)物(wu)理及化學特性、進水及工(gong)藝條件(jian)等因素的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。
污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)無疑是(shi)要(yao)花(hua)錢的(de)(de)(de)。問題是(shi)要(yao)找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)僅(jin)投資少而(er)且運行費(fei)用低的(de)(de)(de)zui有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)方法。根(gen)據歐洲(zhou)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)經(jing)驗,要(yao)去除95%的(de)(de)(de)bod和90%以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)磷并且脫除85%氮,則化學強化一(yi)(yi)級處(chu)(chu)理(li)+生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)是(shi)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)。化學處(chu)(chu)理(li)法特別是(shi)在工(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)比例(li)大、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)水(shui)質日/年(nian)變化大時更顯其有(you)(you)效。在快速發展的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)化城市,企業(ye)排放的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)會影響甚至破壞(huai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)過程,而(er)化學處(chu)(chu)理(li)法在這方面具有(you)(you)許多的(de)(de)(de)性,能處(chu)(chu)理(li)很多不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui),能承(cheng)受(shou)很大的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)(ji)負荷(he)。對實際污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)程而(er)言,首(shou)先(xian)用化學法進(jin)行污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)研究,不(bu)僅(jin)能承(cheng)受(shou)沖擊(ji)(ji)負荷(he),將污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)程度,還可以(yi)了解污(wu)(wu)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)組成和變化情(qing)況,為較易受(shou)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)沖擊(ji)(ji)負荷(he)、毒性物(wu)質影響的(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)提(ti)供(gong)保護。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優勢(shi)預示了天(tian)然有(you)(you)機化學污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)良好發展前景。
2.3污水生物(wu)處理方法分析(xi)
生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學(xue)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)總稱,是(shi)現(xian)代(dai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)中zui廣泛的(de)方(fang)(fang)法之一。主要借助微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)分(fen)解作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)把污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中有(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉化(hua)為(wei)簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)無機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),使污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)得到凈(jing)化(hua)。按對氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)需求情況可分(fen)為(wei)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)和(he)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)兩大(da)(da)類。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系利用(yong)(yong)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)把有(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉化(hua)為(wei)有(you)機(ji)酸,甲烷菌(jun)再把有(you)機(ji)酸分(fen)解為(wei)甲烷、二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳和(he)氫等(deng),如(ru)(ru)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)塘、化(hua)糞池(chi)、污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)的(de)厭(yan)氣(qi)消化(hua)和(he)厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)反應(ying)器等(deng)。好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系采用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械曝(pu)氣(qi)或(huo)自然曝(pu)氣(qi)(如(ru)(ru)藻類光合作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)產(chan)氧(yang)(yang)等(deng))為(wei)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)提供(gong)活(huo)動(dong)能(neng)源,促進好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)分(fen)解活(huo)動(dong),使污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)得到凈(jing)化(hua),如(ru)(ru)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濾池(chi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉盤(pan)、污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉、氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)塘的(de)功能(neng)。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)效(xiao)果好(hao),費(fei)用(yong)(yong)低,技(ji)術較(jiao)(jiao)簡(jian)單(dan),應(ying)用(yong)(yong)比較(jiao)(jiao)簡(jian)單(dan)。當簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)沉淀和(he)化(hua)學(xue)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)不能(neng)保證(zheng)達到足夠的(de)凈(jing)化(hua)程度(du)時,就要用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法作(zuo)(zuo)進一步處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)中要特(te)別(bie)注意(yi)掌握(wo)凈(jing)化(hua)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)基本特(te)點,滿足其要求條件;污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中bod與(yu)cod比值要大(da)(da)于0.3。溫(wen)度(du)影響(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da),冬(dong)季一般效(xiao)果較(jiao)(jiao)差。
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